CCTV Focus
CCTV Focus of the Video Surveillance Industry
CCTV FAQ
This comprehensive guide outlines essential terms and frequently asked questions related to Closed-Circuit Television (CCTV) and video surveillance systems. It covers key components like CCTV cameras, digital and network video recorders, and various specialized features such as PTZ controls, motion detection, and night vision. The guide is designed to provide a foundational understanding of CCTV systems, offering insights into how they work, how they can be set up, and what to consider when choosing a system. It is an invaluable resource for anyone looking to install a new surveillance system, or understand the workings of an existing one.
Basic Terminology Used for Video Surveillance
1. CCTV (Closed-Circuit Television): A system where video cameras transmit signals to a specific, limited set of monitors.
2. IP Camera: A type of digital video camera commonly used for surveillance, which sends and receives data via a network.
3. Analog Camera: A traditional camera used in CCTV systems that sends signals via coaxial cables to a central location for monitoring and recording.
2. IP Camera: A type of digital video camera commonly used for surveillance, which sends and receives data via a network.
3. Analog Camera: A traditional camera used in CCTV systems that sends signals via coaxial cables to a central location for monitoring and recording.
4. DVR (Digital Video Recorder): A device that records video in a digital format to a disk drive or other storage medium.
5. NVR (Network Video Recorder): A software program or device that records video from network-connected cameras.
6. PTZ (Pan-Tilt-Zoom): A camera that can be remotely controlled to pan, tilt, and zoom in or out.
7. Motion Detection: The process by which the surveillance system detects movement in its field of view.
8. Infrared/Night Vision: Cameras with this feature can capture video in low light conditions.
9. FPS (Frames Per Second): The number of frames that the camera can capture each second.
10. Resolution: The dimensions of the video image, often given in pixels (e.g., 1080p, 4K).
11. Field of View: The extent of the observable area that is seen at any given moment.
12. Cloud Storage: Storing video footage on remote servers, typically accessible over the internet.
13. Local Storage: Storing video footage on a physical device like a hard drive.
14. Two-Way Audio: A feature that allows the user to both listen and speak through the camera.
15. Bandwidth: The amount of data that can be transferred over the network.
16. Remote Monitoring: Watching the video feed from a remote location via the internet.
17. Live Stream: Real-time video footage that can be viewed immediately as it's captured.
18. Playback: The action of playing back recorded video.
19. Codec: A method used to encode and decode digital video.
20. Fisheye Lens: A wide-angle lens that creates a panoramic or hemispherical image.
21. PoE (Power over Ethernet): A technology that allows network cables to carry electrical power to devices like IP cameras.
Frequently Asked Questions About CCTV
1. What is CCTV and how does it work?
2. What are the differences between IP and analog cameras?
3. How much storage do I need for my CCTV system?
4. Can I access my CCTV footage remotely?
5. What is the best resolution for CCTV cameras?
6. How does motion detection work?
7. What are PTZ cameras and how are they used?
8. How can I improve night vision on my cameras?
9. What is the difference between DVR and NVR?
10. How many cameras do I need for complete coverage?
11. Is cloud storage secure for CCTV?
12. How much bandwidth is required for video surveillance?
13. What is the frame rate and why is it important?
14. What is two-way audio and how can I use it?
15. Do I need a professional to install my CCTV system or can I do it myself?
16. Is it legal to record audio along with video?
17. What are the ongoing maintenance requirements for a CCTV system?
18. Can I integrate my CCTV system with other smart home devices?
19. How do I choose the right lens and field of view?
20. What are the pros and cons of local vs cloud storage?
5. NVR (Network Video Recorder): A software program or device that records video from network-connected cameras.
6. PTZ (Pan-Tilt-Zoom): A camera that can be remotely controlled to pan, tilt, and zoom in or out.
7. Motion Detection: The process by which the surveillance system detects movement in its field of view.
8. Infrared/Night Vision: Cameras with this feature can capture video in low light conditions.
9. FPS (Frames Per Second): The number of frames that the camera can capture each second.
10. Resolution: The dimensions of the video image, often given in pixels (e.g., 1080p, 4K).
11. Field of View: The extent of the observable area that is seen at any given moment.
12. Cloud Storage: Storing video footage on remote servers, typically accessible over the internet.
13. Local Storage: Storing video footage on a physical device like a hard drive.
14. Two-Way Audio: A feature that allows the user to both listen and speak through the camera.
15. Bandwidth: The amount of data that can be transferred over the network.
16. Remote Monitoring: Watching the video feed from a remote location via the internet.
17. Live Stream: Real-time video footage that can be viewed immediately as it's captured.
18. Playback: The action of playing back recorded video.
19. Codec: A method used to encode and decode digital video.
20. Fisheye Lens: A wide-angle lens that creates a panoramic or hemispherical image.
21. PoE (Power over Ethernet): A technology that allows network cables to carry electrical power to devices like IP cameras.
Frequently Asked Questions About CCTV
1. What is CCTV and how does it work?
2. What are the differences between IP and analog cameras?
3. How much storage do I need for my CCTV system?
4. Can I access my CCTV footage remotely?
5. What is the best resolution for CCTV cameras?
6. How does motion detection work?
7. What are PTZ cameras and how are they used?
8. How can I improve night vision on my cameras?
9. What is the difference between DVR and NVR?
10. How many cameras do I need for complete coverage?
11. Is cloud storage secure for CCTV?
12. How much bandwidth is required for video surveillance?
13. What is the frame rate and why is it important?
14. What is two-way audio and how can I use it?
15. Do I need a professional to install my CCTV system or can I do it myself?
16. Is it legal to record audio along with video?
17. What are the ongoing maintenance requirements for a CCTV system?
18. Can I integrate my CCTV system with other smart home devices?
19. How do I choose the right lens and field of view?
20. What are the pros and cons of local vs cloud storage?
How does NAT affect remote viewing in CCTV networks?
NAT can impact remote viewing in CCTV networks by introducing obstacles in establishing remote connections and causing issues with video transmission. It can restrict access to cameras behind the NAT device and can also lead to latency and reduced video streaming quality.
What are some common challenges associated with NAT in remote viewing?
Some common challenges with NAT in remote viewing include difficulty in establishing direct connections to cameras behind NAT, the need for NAT traversal techniques, potential security concerns, and the potential degradation of video streaming quality and increased latency.
Are there any strategies to overcome NAT limitations for remote viewing?
Yes, there are strategies to overcome NAT limitations for remote viewing. Implementing NAT traversal techniques such as Port Forwarding, Universal Plug and Play (UPnP), or using Virtual Private Networks (VPNs) can help establish direct connections. Additionally, optimizing network configurations, managing bandwidth effectively, and using dedicated remote viewing software can improve overall performance.
What can we expect in the future regarding NAT and remote viewing technologies for CCTV networks?
In the future, we can expect advancements in NAT traversal techniques that will simplify remote viewing setups in CCTV networks. Additionally, with the emergence of IPv6 and improvements in network protocols, NAT may become less of a barrier for remote viewing, leading to more seamless and efficient surveillance operations.
What is the role of a CCTV router in a surveillance network?
A CCTV router serves as the central component that connects surveillance cameras to the monitoring station. It facilitates the transmission of video data, ensuring seamless communication between cameras and the recording or viewing devices. The router helps manage the network traffic, optimize bandwidth usage, and enhance the overall performance and security of the surveillance system.
How do I choose the best CCTV router for my surveillance network?
When selecting a CCTV router, consider factors such as bandwidth requirements, network security features, compatibility with cameras and management systems, scalability options, and ease of installation. Assess the specific needs of your surveillance network and ensure that the router you choose aligns with those requirements.
Can I use any router for my surveillance network, or do I need a specialized CCTV router?
While it is possible to use a regular router for your surveillance network, it is highly recommended to opt for a specialized CCTV router. These routers are designed to handle the unique demands of surveillance applications, such as transmitting high-quality video data, managing multiple cameras, supporting PoE (Power over Ethernet), and providing enhanced network security features specifically tailored for surveillance systems.
How do dynamic routing protocols benefit large-scale surveillance networks?
Dynamic routing protocols offer several benefits to large-scale surveillance networks. They enable automatic routing table updates, ensuring efficient communication between network devices. This allows for dynamic adaptation to network changes, load balancing, and optimal path selection, resulting in improved performance and reliability of the surveillance system.
What are some challenges in implementing dynamic routing protocols in surveillance networks?
Implementing dynamic routing protocols in surveillance networks can present challenges. One common challenge is ensuring network security, as dynamic routing protocols introduce additional attack vectors. Proper configuration and access control measures are necessary to mitigate security risks. Scalability is another consideration, as surveillance networks often involve a large number of devices and complex topologies. Careful planning and optimization are required to ensure scalability and efficient routing.
Are OSPF and EIGRP the only dynamic routing protocols suitable for surveillance networks?
No, OSPF and EIGRP are popular dynamic routing protocols for surveillance networks, but they are not the only options available. Other protocols, such as IS-IS (Intermediate System to Intermediate System) and BGP (Border Gateway Protocol), can also be utilized based on specific network requirements and design considerations. It is important to assess the needs and characteristics of the surveillance network to determine the most suitable dynamic routing protocol.
How can surveillance networks benefit from future advancements in dynamic routing protocols?
Future advancements in dynamic routing protocols hold great potential for enhancing surveillance networks. These advancements may include improved efficiency, faster convergence, enhanced security features, and better integration with emerging technologies such as IoT (Internet of Things) devices and edge computing. By staying informed about these advancements, surveillance network administrators can leverage new capabilities to further enhance the performance, scalability, and security of their networks.
Dynamic routing protocols offer several benefits to large-scale surveillance networks. They enable automatic routing table updates, ensuring efficient communication between network devices. This allows for dynamic adaptation to network changes, load balancing, and optimal path selection, resulting in improved performance and reliability of the surveillance system.
What are some challenges in implementing dynamic routing protocols in surveillance networks?
Implementing dynamic routing protocols in surveillance networks can present challenges. One common challenge is ensuring network security, as dynamic routing protocols introduce additional attack vectors. Proper configuration and access control measures are necessary to mitigate security risks. Scalability is another consideration, as surveillance networks often involve a large number of devices and complex topologies. Careful planning and optimization are required to ensure scalability and efficient routing.
Are OSPF and EIGRP the only dynamic routing protocols suitable for surveillance networks?
No, OSPF and EIGRP are popular dynamic routing protocols for surveillance networks, but they are not the only options available. Other protocols, such as IS-IS (Intermediate System to Intermediate System) and BGP (Border Gateway Protocol), can also be utilized based on specific network requirements and design considerations. It is important to assess the needs and characteristics of the surveillance network to determine the most suitable dynamic routing protocol.
How can surveillance networks benefit from future advancements in dynamic routing protocols?
Future advancements in dynamic routing protocols hold great potential for enhancing surveillance networks. These advancements may include improved efficiency, faster convergence, enhanced security features, and better integration with emerging technologies such as IoT (Internet of Things) devices and edge computing. By staying informed about these advancements, surveillance network administrators can leverage new capabilities to further enhance the performance, scalability, and security of their networks.
Frequently Asked Questions
General questions
What is the purpose of video surveillance?
The purpose of video surveillance is to monitor and record activity in a specific area for security, safety, or other purposes.
What does video surveillance mean?
Video surveillance systems are commonly used to detect criminal activity and prevent theft, vandalism, and other malicious behavior.
What is the type of video surveillance?
There are various types of video surveillance systems, including analog surveillance, IP surveillance, cloud-based surveillance.
What are the essential devices required for a video surveillance system?
The basic components of a video surveillance system include at least one camera, either wired or wireless, and a storage solution for your video data. For more advanced functionality or the management of multiple cameras, a video management system (VMS) can be added. Which Type of Storage is Ideal?
What businesses can benefit from video surveillance systems?
Security, safety, and operational efficiency can benefit from a video surveillance system. The specific features and requirements of the system will depend on the size, location, and nature of the business.
Do night vision cameras attract bugs?
Most object detection software allows you to adjust the detection settings to reduce the likelihood of bugs triggering the detection. Increasing the threshold will make it less sensitive, and increasing the minimum object size will help filter out small objects like bugs
How do I manage my surveillance system?
Effective management of a surveillance system requires regular maintenance, review, and monitoring to ensure that the system is working properly and providing the intended level of security.
How To Protect Your Security Camera From Hackers?
Fortunately, there are several steps you can take to protect your security cameras from hacking. In this article, we will discuss some of these steps, including the benefits of wired cameras, reducing data sharing, resetting passwords regularly, and using the latest firmware updates
Why are time-lapses used in video surveillance?
Time-lapse is a valuable tool for video surveillance systems, as it provides a quick, cost-effective, and comprehensive way to review footage and track changes over a long period of time.
How Much Does A Home Security System Cost?
The most expensive home security systems usually have advanced features such as high-resolution cameras, facial recognition, and AI-powered monitoring systems. They may also offer 24/7 professional monitoring services and come with a higher upfront cost, as well as ongoing subscription fees for monitoring, cloud storage, and maintenance
Questions about software
Video Surveillance Software
How to select the best video surveillance/CCTV software? What Does Video Surveillance Software Do? What are the Top Video Surveillance Software? What is the difference between CCTV Software and Video Surveillance Software?
What is Video Surveillance Software?
Which home surveillance software is considered the best? What are the most highly regarded options for IP camera recording software? Which software is the best for IP camera surveillance? What Benefits of Using Video Surveillance Software?
What are the key features of Video Surveillance Software?
The key features of video surveillance software can help users enhance the security of their properties and monitor activity more effectively. The specific features and capabilities of the software will depend on the vendor and the specific needs of the user.
What are some recommended security camera software options?
Each software has its own unique features, pros and cons, making it challenging to determine which one is the best. What are the top webcam surveillance software choices?
Top 10 video surveillance software on the market
What is the best video surveillance software? Recently, innovative programs utilizing cutting-edge neural technologies have emerged, specifically crafted for high-resolution displays. Top 10 video surveillance software on the market. In particular, pay attention to the new free software.
What is P2P video surveillance?
P2P video surveillance is a flexible and cost-effective approach to video surveillance that can be ideal for smaller businesses or homes with a limited budget and infrastructure.
How are time-lapses utilized in video surveillance?
By compressing video footage using time-lapses, surveillance operators can quickly review large amounts of footage to identify potential security threats or suspicious activity. This can help to reduce the amount of time required to review footage and make it easier to identify important events
The Best Security Camera Apps For Wi-Fi Cameras
Which IP camera software is considered the best? What software is recommended for security cameras? What is the top-rated video security software available?
How to compare Video Surveillance Software? Web Camera Pro is the best security camera app for Wi-Fi cameras in 2025 due to its advanced features, compatibility with a wide range of cameras, ease of use, customization options, and affordability.
Questions about Cloud Services
Cloud-based video surveillance. CCTV Cloud
Video Surveillance Cloud is a more general term that encompasses all forms of cloud-based video surveillance, including VSaaS and CCTV Cloud. The term is often used to describe a broad range of cloud-based video surveillance solutions, regardless of the specific features or branding.
What is the difference between VSaaS, CCTV Cloud and Video Surveillance Cloud?
What is VSaaS, CCTV Cloud, and Video Surveillance Cloud?
What is Video Surveillance Cloud?
Video surveillance cloud refers to a cloud-based video surveillance system. This type of system allows users to store and access video footage from their surveillance cameras over the internet, rather than on a local storage device.
Questions about hardware
What devices are used for video surveillance?
How many cameras will I need? How long do I store video footage? How do I manage my surveillance system? Do my cameras need to be weatherproof, vandalproof and able to pan, tilt or zoom? How to integrate my video surveillance system with other systems?
What equipment is necessary for a Video Surveillance System?
Will I ever need to scale my system? Which companies are the leading providers of video surveillance equipment?
Top Security Camera Features To Consider Before Buying
IP cameras are generally more expensive than analog cameras, the total cost of a full IP system is often lower than a comparable analog system due to the wider field of view offered by IP cameras, which often requires fewer cameras
DVR vs NVR System: What's The Difference?
NVR systems offer advanced features such as high-quality video, large storage capacity, and remote access, but are more expensive and require technical expertise to set up and maintain
What Is Better To Choose IP or AHD Video Surveillance?
What is better IP or Analog Cameras? Selecting the best video surveillance systems for secure areas, it's important to weigh the pros and cons of two common types of security cameras - IP and AHD
Do I Need A Router For Security Cameras?
The router provides the necessary connectivity between the camera and your network, and also serves as a gateway for accessing the camera's footage from other devices.
What are the required devices for setting up a Video Surveillance System?
What devices are used for surveillance? The specific equipment required for a video surveillance system will vary based on the size and complexity of the system, as well as the specific requirements of the user. It is important to carefully assess the needs of the system and choose equipment accordingly to ensure the most effective and efficient video surveillance system possible.
How Far Away Can A Wireless Security Camera Work?
In general, most wireless security cameras can work reliably at a distance of up to 100-500 feet (30-150 meters) in open space. However, this range may be reduced if there are walls, buildings, trees, or other objects that can block or weaken the wireless signal
How Far Can A Night Vision Camera See?
The range of a night vision camera can be affected by factors such as the amount of ambient light, the presence of obstacles, and the quality of the camera lens.
Essential Tips for Weatherproofing Your Security Camera
Choose Weatherproof Cameras: The first step to weatherproofing your security cameras is to choose cameras that are designed to withstand the weather. Look for cameras with an Ingress Protection (IP) rating of at least IP65, which means they are dust-tight and can withstand water jets
How can I use my smartphone as a CCTV?
You can use your smartphone as a CCTV camera by using a dedicated surveillance app or software
Best Wildlife Surveillance Cameras For Front & Backyard Gardens
When choosing a wildlife camera for your front or backyard garden, it's important to consider the trigger speed, photo and video quality, battery life, and whether or not it's a cellular trail camera. All of the cameras listed above are great options that will allow you to observe and monitor the wildlife in your garden.
Turning A Phone Into A Continuous Recording Security Camera
You can easily turn your smartphone into a continuous recording security camera with the help of some simple apps
What is the purpose of video surveillance?
The purpose of video surveillance is to monitor and record activity in a specific area for security, safety, or other purposes.
What does video surveillance mean?
Video surveillance systems are commonly used to detect criminal activity and prevent theft, vandalism, and other malicious behavior.
What is the type of video surveillance?
There are various types of video surveillance systems, including analog surveillance, IP surveillance, cloud-based surveillance.
What are the essential devices required for a video surveillance system?
The basic components of a video surveillance system include at least one camera, either wired or wireless, and a storage solution for your video data. For more advanced functionality or the management of multiple cameras, a video management system (VMS) can be added. Which Type of Storage is Ideal?
What businesses can benefit from video surveillance systems?
Security, safety, and operational efficiency can benefit from a video surveillance system. The specific features and requirements of the system will depend on the size, location, and nature of the business.
Do night vision cameras attract bugs?
Most object detection software allows you to adjust the detection settings to reduce the likelihood of bugs triggering the detection. Increasing the threshold will make it less sensitive, and increasing the minimum object size will help filter out small objects like bugs
How do I manage my surveillance system?
Effective management of a surveillance system requires regular maintenance, review, and monitoring to ensure that the system is working properly and providing the intended level of security.
How To Protect Your Security Camera From Hackers?
Fortunately, there are several steps you can take to protect your security cameras from hacking. In this article, we will discuss some of these steps, including the benefits of wired cameras, reducing data sharing, resetting passwords regularly, and using the latest firmware updates
Why are time-lapses used in video surveillance?
Time-lapse is a valuable tool for video surveillance systems, as it provides a quick, cost-effective, and comprehensive way to review footage and track changes over a long period of time.
How Much Does A Home Security System Cost?
The most expensive home security systems usually have advanced features such as high-resolution cameras, facial recognition, and AI-powered monitoring systems. They may also offer 24/7 professional monitoring services and come with a higher upfront cost, as well as ongoing subscription fees for monitoring, cloud storage, and maintenance
Questions about software
Video Surveillance Software
How to select the best video surveillance/CCTV software? What Does Video Surveillance Software Do? What are the Top Video Surveillance Software? What is the difference between CCTV Software and Video Surveillance Software?
What is Video Surveillance Software?
Which home surveillance software is considered the best? What are the most highly regarded options for IP camera recording software? Which software is the best for IP camera surveillance? What Benefits of Using Video Surveillance Software?
What are the key features of Video Surveillance Software?
The key features of video surveillance software can help users enhance the security of their properties and monitor activity more effectively. The specific features and capabilities of the software will depend on the vendor and the specific needs of the user.
What are some recommended security camera software options?
Each software has its own unique features, pros and cons, making it challenging to determine which one is the best. What are the top webcam surveillance software choices?
Top 10 video surveillance software on the market
What is the best video surveillance software? Recently, innovative programs utilizing cutting-edge neural technologies have emerged, specifically crafted for high-resolution displays. Top 10 video surveillance software on the market. In particular, pay attention to the new free software.
What is P2P video surveillance?
P2P video surveillance is a flexible and cost-effective approach to video surveillance that can be ideal for smaller businesses or homes with a limited budget and infrastructure.
How are time-lapses utilized in video surveillance?
By compressing video footage using time-lapses, surveillance operators can quickly review large amounts of footage to identify potential security threats or suspicious activity. This can help to reduce the amount of time required to review footage and make it easier to identify important events
The Best Security Camera Apps For Wi-Fi Cameras
Which IP camera software is considered the best? What software is recommended for security cameras? What is the top-rated video security software available?
How to compare Video Surveillance Software? Web Camera Pro is the best security camera app for Wi-Fi cameras in 2025 due to its advanced features, compatibility with a wide range of cameras, ease of use, customization options, and affordability.
Questions about Cloud Services
Cloud-based video surveillance. CCTV Cloud
Video Surveillance Cloud is a more general term that encompasses all forms of cloud-based video surveillance, including VSaaS and CCTV Cloud. The term is often used to describe a broad range of cloud-based video surveillance solutions, regardless of the specific features or branding.
What is the difference between VSaaS, CCTV Cloud and Video Surveillance Cloud?
What is VSaaS, CCTV Cloud, and Video Surveillance Cloud?
What is Video Surveillance Cloud?
Video surveillance cloud refers to a cloud-based video surveillance system. This type of system allows users to store and access video footage from their surveillance cameras over the internet, rather than on a local storage device.
Questions about hardware
What devices are used for video surveillance?
How many cameras will I need? How long do I store video footage? How do I manage my surveillance system? Do my cameras need to be weatherproof, vandalproof and able to pan, tilt or zoom? How to integrate my video surveillance system with other systems?
What equipment is necessary for a Video Surveillance System?
Will I ever need to scale my system? Which companies are the leading providers of video surveillance equipment?
Top Security Camera Features To Consider Before Buying
IP cameras are generally more expensive than analog cameras, the total cost of a full IP system is often lower than a comparable analog system due to the wider field of view offered by IP cameras, which often requires fewer cameras
DVR vs NVR System: What's The Difference?
NVR systems offer advanced features such as high-quality video, large storage capacity, and remote access, but are more expensive and require technical expertise to set up and maintain
What Is Better To Choose IP or AHD Video Surveillance?
What is better IP or Analog Cameras? Selecting the best video surveillance systems for secure areas, it's important to weigh the pros and cons of two common types of security cameras - IP and AHD
Do I Need A Router For Security Cameras?
The router provides the necessary connectivity between the camera and your network, and also serves as a gateway for accessing the camera's footage from other devices.
What are the required devices for setting up a Video Surveillance System?
What devices are used for surveillance? The specific equipment required for a video surveillance system will vary based on the size and complexity of the system, as well as the specific requirements of the user. It is important to carefully assess the needs of the system and choose equipment accordingly to ensure the most effective and efficient video surveillance system possible.
How Far Away Can A Wireless Security Camera Work?
In general, most wireless security cameras can work reliably at a distance of up to 100-500 feet (30-150 meters) in open space. However, this range may be reduced if there are walls, buildings, trees, or other objects that can block or weaken the wireless signal
How Far Can A Night Vision Camera See?
The range of a night vision camera can be affected by factors such as the amount of ambient light, the presence of obstacles, and the quality of the camera lens.
Essential Tips for Weatherproofing Your Security Camera
Choose Weatherproof Cameras: The first step to weatherproofing your security cameras is to choose cameras that are designed to withstand the weather. Look for cameras with an Ingress Protection (IP) rating of at least IP65, which means they are dust-tight and can withstand water jets
How can I use my smartphone as a CCTV?
You can use your smartphone as a CCTV camera by using a dedicated surveillance app or software
Best Wildlife Surveillance Cameras For Front & Backyard Gardens
When choosing a wildlife camera for your front or backyard garden, it's important to consider the trigger speed, photo and video quality, battery life, and whether or not it's a cellular trail camera. All of the cameras listed above are great options that will allow you to observe and monitor the wildlife in your garden.
Turning A Phone Into A Continuous Recording Security Camera
You can easily turn your smartphone into a continuous recording security camera with the help of some simple apps